Undertaking the Hajj pilgrimage during the colonial era proved to be a formidable challenge. In addition to the less advanced transportation infrastructure compared to modern times, pilgrims were frequently subjected…
After the G30S, the artworks of members of the Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat (LEKRA, the Institute of People’s Culture) tended to be ignored or dismissed by Indonesian culturalists. LEKRA is believed…
Through the Fabriek Bond personnel, Soerjopranoto mobilized a mass of workers to protest against the injustice of business owners and the colonial government. In the aftermath of his actions, the…
Jugun Ianfu was a comfort woman who accompanied the Japanese army during the war. During the Asia-Pacific War, they had to meet the sexual needs of Japanese soldiers in a…
Discussions of gender equality remain a taboo and sensitive issue in Muslim-majority countries. This situation is inseparable from the strong patriarchal culture that has long been rooted in these regions.…