Undertaking the Hajj pilgrimage during the colonial era proved to be a formidable challenge. In addition to the less advanced transportation infrastructure compared to modern times, pilgrims were frequently subjected to deception by Hajj organizers. High and manipulative tariffs often…
After the G30S, the artworks of members of the Lembaga Kebudajaan Rakjat (LEKRA, the Institute of People’s Culture) tended to be ignored or dismissed by Indonesian culturalists. LEKRA is believed to be an underbow organization of the PKI, so it…
Through the Fabriek Bond personnel, Soerjopranoto mobilized a mass of workers to protest against the injustice of business owners and the colonial government. In the aftermath of his actions, the colonial government nicknamed him Stakings Koning, aka the strike king.…
Jugun Ianfu was a comfort woman who accompanied the Japanese army during the war. During the Asia-Pacific War, they had to meet the sexual needs of Japanese soldiers in a rough, inhumane and extensive way. Jugun Ianfu actually understood the…
Discussions of gender equality remain a taboo and sensitive issue in Muslim-majority countries. This situation is inseparable from the strong patriarchal culture that has long been rooted in these regions. As a result, oppression and violence in the name of…